Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a leading cellular, low power wide area (LPWA) technology developed to empower a wide range of IoT devices and services. It represents the next intelligent paradigm, endowing devices (smart meters, smart streetlights, white goods, and others) used in a diverse array of applications such as smart home, smart mobility, smart city services, and smart agriculture, with connected attributes. By 2020, there were more than 100 million NB-IoT connections across the globe. This number is expected to increase exponentially, and surpass the 1 billion mark by 2025.
Smart city and industrial devices
Smart home devices
NB-IoT Evolution into mMTC
NB-IoT: Go-to Solution for LPWAN
The advent of NB-IoT technology unlocks new possibilities for Cellular IoT (C-IoT) applications. C-IoT defined under the 3GPP umbrella harnesses the power of carrier networks to enable IoT connections, facilitating greater affordability, mobility, and compatibility. With the increasing adoption of IoT across industries, C-IoT is already shaping up to be the most significant WAN technology. C-IoT usage cases can be classified as low-speed (kbit/s), medium-speed (Mbit/s), or high-speed (Gbit/s) services, depending on access speed and power requirements. Low-speed LPWA services dominate the C-IoT category with a whopping 60% of total volume.
• Traditional C-IoT services were mainly carried out on 2G or 3G networks. However, the high amount of power consumption was a drawback, hindering industrial applications, especially in battery-operated scenarios, including smart metering (such as water and gas), tracking, and logistics. Since 2016, NB-IoT has taken off as a major LPWAN player, by offering in-depth coverage, high power efficiency, and low costs, thereby accommodating needs in battery-operated scenarios.
• NB-IoT has also established itself as the technology of choice for 2G IoT services. On the one hand, as carriers race to construct networks, 2G and 3G networks will eventually be phased out to improve spectral efficiency and lower costs required to maintain multi-RAT networks. On the other hand, NB-IoT has outperformed 2G in terms of speeds and mobility, and without the crippling power efficiency. In 2020, NB-IoT adoption gained ground in a multitude of different applications, from metering, smoke detection, agriculture, environment monitoring, and white goods, to location tracking. As it continues to gain momentum, NB-IoT is now on track to become the standard technology for mMTC.
• As NB-IoT evolves to accommodate a growing number of industrial demands, it will unleash turbocharged growth, and facilitate accelerated intelligence across the IoT ecosystem.
NB-IoT Benefits
10-year battery life
Support for PSM/eDRX/long-term TAU, up to 10 year service life for water meters
20 dB gain
20 dB coverage enhancement over GPRS
50,000 connections per cell*
50,000 devices per network cell
Cost-effective modules
Cost savings brought by simplified chipset and peripheral circuit designs
HiSilicon is a leader in NB-IoT technology and a major promoter of NB-IoT standards within the industry. HiSilicon has blazed a new trail in NB-IoT R&D, driving the implementation of industry standards, technological innovation, and a broader range of commercial applications. It is committed to joining forces with partners to build an open and robust NB-IoT ecosystem.
In 2016, in the wake of the freezing of Release 13, HiSilicon rolled out Boudica 120, the first-ever NB-IoT chipset on the market, helping module vendors and industry customers apply IoT solutions on a commercial scale. Thus far, HiSilicon NB-IoT Boudica series have made their way into tens of millions of devices in fields such as smart metering, smart firefighting, and asset tracking, and millions of devices in fields including door locks, white goods, logistics, and streetlights. HiSilicon and partners are still looking for new ways to harness the full potential of Boudica, such as deploying it in agriculture, wearables, payment, and sharing economy.
While the NB-IoT technology looks promising, signalized by the rapid number of new applications and the exponential growth of IoT devices, it is not without its challenges. Suppliers need to address how to reduce deployment costs through technology evolution, how to improve power efficiency for large-scale networking, and how to ensure data security in a fully-connected world.
*Note: Data is calculated based on the traffic models defined by 3GPP.
NB-IoT Challenges
Power Efficiency
Power efficiency is a top concern in the IoT world. Smart meters are powered by non-replaceable batteries, and cannot be recharged often. This means that their efficacy largely hinges on battery life. NB-IoT chipsets must be more power efficient to enable meters to operate longer.
Maintenance
Smart meter maintenance is a race against time, as it moves the needle on consumer electricity, gas, and water usage. In addition, this maintenance can be expensive and time consuming. Therefore, a near-field, wireless approach must be set in place to implement remote diagnosis, maintenance, and updating without the need to revisit meters.
Device Security
As NB-IoT adoption gains ground, the industry is increasingly concerned about the device security. In the IoT fields, especially where billing and payment are involved, such as smart metering, malicious attacks can cause significant loss or damage to carriers and consumers.
Network Adaptation
NB-IoT devices are provided by different manufacturers, and subject to irregular network updates and reconstruction. In addition, IoT environments can be tremendously demanding, with adverse factors such as obstructions and interference the norm. All of these factors require that NB-IoT devices ship with high network adaptability.
Better Integration, Lower Cost
A compact module packed with 50% fewer components
The PA, PMU, RAM, flash memory, SIM card, and certain passive RF components are wedged into the chipset, reducing the number of peripheral components by 50%.
NB-IoT draws on a comprehensive OpenCPU solution, which reduces the costs of external MCU and crystal components in meter applications.
Chipset-Level Low-Power Design Ups the Battery Game
The UE enters PSM when it is not transmitting or receiving data.
In eDRX mode, the UE receives signals only in the paging time window (PTW), and enters deep sleep state during other time frames.
The number of periodic TAUs is effectively reduced.
Chipset-Level Low-Power Design Decreases Power Consumption by 50%
Retains RAM refresh in PSM
Faster wakeup from PSM
Streamlined hardware design: allows wakeup using serial port AT commands, without the need for an extra startup signal
No need to frequently read the flash memory when entering or exiting the PSM, minimizing the impact on the flash memory service life
Ships with highly efficient PMU and PA, reducing transmit power consumption
Refines RF receiver circuits and algorithms, greatly reducing the receive current
Optimizes the mechanisms of receiving data in idle state and switching between idle and connected states, lowering the idle state current
Chipset-Level Security Assurance with Independent Security CPU
Security subsystem
Physically isolates the RAM and ROM hardware from the application and protocol subsystems to ensure airtight security.
Hardware encryption engine
Offers high-performance encryption, for enhanced privacy and security.
Secure boot
Provided in the on-chip boot ROM, conducts signing and signature verification through multi-level certificates to help ensure that only trusted firmware can load.
Secure storage
Manages encryption keys in the security subsystem, and allows the security subsystem to communicate with the application and protocol subsystems via the hardware mailbox, to implement secure storage of private data.
Secure transmission
Delivers TLS and DTLS hardware acceleration to ensure communications security.
Secure update
Offers signature and signature verification for update files as well as basic capabilities such as anti-rollback.
Secure applications
Supports the SoC SIM functions and Deutsche Telekom nuSIM standard to improve application security.
Renowned Adaptability and Reliability, Tested Across a Multitude of Live Networks
The HiSilicon NB-IoT solution has been widely embraced in a diverse array of global fields, including smart metering, smoke detection, bicycles, door locks, geomagnetic sensors, and smart agriculture. It's equipped to handle wide-ranging complex network environments, and power smarter and more reliable services.